How Discoveries And Accidents Led To Winemaking In Wisconsin

Wisconsin's wine industry is modest in scale, but has roots as old as the state itself. A Hungarian immigrant named Agoston Haraszthy planted the state's first vineyard in 1846 on the east bank of the Wisconsin River and founded the community that would become Sauk City. He headed west three years later, establishing the famous Buena Vista Vineyard in Seminole, California, and became known as the father of Californian winemaking. In Wisconsin, Haraszthy's vineyard lands would later become the site of Wollersheim Winery.

The wines produced in Wisconsin's unlikely climate are the result of centuries of selection, cultivation and hybridization of many grape varieties, said Amaya Atucha, a fruit crop specialist with the University of Wisconsin-Extension and assistant professor of horticulture at UW-Madison. With only 80 to 180 frost-free days across different parts of the state in an average year, Wisconsin's cold climate and soil pH is not particularly hospitable to many wine grapes. Atucha discussed the history and difficulties of viticulture in the state in a July 8, 2015 talk for the Wednesday Nite @ the Lab lecture series on the UW-Madison campus, recorded for Wisconsin Public Television's University Place.

"It's very challenging to grow grapes here," Atucha said. "And this has been a lot of science and a lot of discoveries and accidents that have taken us through this journey to be able to have Wisconsin wine."

Variants of a grape species first cultivated in western Asia thousands of years ago, Vitis vinifera, are grown to produce 99 percent of the world's wine today. While male and female flowers grow separately on wild grapes, Vitis vinifera was bred to have what are called perfect flowers, which have reproductive structures for both sexes. This morphology greatly increases fruit yield, supplying enough juice to produce wine.

Many grape species are native to the Americas, including Vitis riparia, Vitis berlandieri and Vitis labrusca. Wine production did not begin in the Western Hemisphere until the 1500s, though, when Spanish conquistadors and missionaries planted vineyards in hospitable regions using cuttings of Vitis vinifera. The lower fruit yields of North American grape species proved unfavorable for wine production, and the flavors of their wines discouraged cultivation for that purpose.

“For me, coming from Chile, never having these grapes… [i]t just tasted very chemical, like this foxy taste,” Atucha said of her first experience with juice made from Concord grapes, which is cultivated from Vitis labrusca, and left her believing the taste was artificial.

"Afterwards, they took me to a vineyard where there was Concord grapes and they gave me some of the grapes to taste, and I was like 'wow, it tastes just like the juice,'" she said.

Much of North America is inhospitable to Vitis vinifera, leading to failed attempts at establishing vineyards in the British colonies along the Atlantic Seaboard during the 1600s and 1700s. European grapes faltered in the climate, and they were also more susceptible to insects and disease American grape species had evolved to resist.

It was not until the 1740 discovery of the Alexander grape in Philadelphia that North American wine production became feasible. A natural hybrid, this variety combined the hermaphroditic flowering traits of Vitis vinifera with the hardiness of a native species. The new, viable variety sparked an interest in hybridization, resulting in grapes capable of flourishing and producing wine in Wisconsin a century later.

"So the solution to the problem was actually not to try to make the vinifera grow, but to find a grape that would survive, that would yield enough, and that would make wine decent enough that they could sell and that people could drink," Atucha said.

Key Facts

• Modern viticulture has its roots in the soils of the southern Caucasus Mountains, a region that now includes portions of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and northern Iran and Iraq. The first evidence of wine production dates to around 7,000 years ago, when the burgeoning viticulturists of the Neolithic era found particularly fruitful Vitis vinifera vines, grew these grapes along the shores of the Caspian and Black seas, and began fermenting the juice. Viticulture spread to Mesopotamia, Egypt and on to regions around the Mediterranean.
• Over time and through trade, the rise of the Roman Empire and the growth of Christianity, Vitis vinifera eventually found a new, favorable climate in the high pH soils of southern Europe. Romans advanced grape cultivation and wine production, but the monks of the medieval Catholic Church developed many of the techniques used in the present day.
• While Native Americans fermented fruits like apples and other plants to produce alcoholic beverages, there is no archeological evidence to suggest grapes were used to produce wine, despite the fruit's prevalence in North America.
• In the 1620s, King James I declared wine production mandatory in Virginia. He sought to supplement supplies from France, Italy and Spain by meeting the growing British taste for wine with a domestic product, so as to lessen dependence on imports from these rival nations.
• Several North American wild grape species contributed to the hybridization of Vitis vinifera. Vitis riparia, found from Canada to Texas and between the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, is cold hardy and resistant to fungus and disease. Vitis berlandieri, native to central Texas and eastern Mexico, grows well in high pH soils and aids in breeding of grapes for a variety of soil types. Vitis rupestri, a nearly extinct species, lent disease and fungal resistance to some modern varieties. And Vitis labrusca is a vigorous vine known as the Northern Fox Grape; its cold hardy variants have a distinct flavor, the Concord grape the most famous among them.
• New Englander Ephraim Bull created the Concord grape, named for his hometown in Massachusetts, after testing millions of seedlings and selecting based on desired traits. The grape’s distinct, sour taste makes it a popular choice for jams, jellies and juices, but aficionados generally consider it an undesirable flavor for wine.
• The eventual success of wine grape cultivation in the United States led to the export of North American hybrids to Europe in the mid-1800s. European botanists sought to study and collect these varieties, but unintentionally introduced diseases and pests like the grape phylloxera, devastating the continent's grape vines. Nearly 90 percent of European vineyards collapsed, and wine production fell to 20 percent of previous levels. Although hybrids were the source of the invasive species, they were also key in ending the 20-year die-off; Vinis vinifera was grafted on to North American root stock, maintaining the properties of European varieties with the resistance of imported hybrids.
• Scientists play a role in contemporary viticulture. While working for a University of Minnesota grape breeding program, Wisconsin native Elmer Swenson developed a number of cold resistant varieties that also produce good wine, releasing many to the public upon his retirement in 1980. More recently, the Northern Grapes Project is a collaboration between a dozen Midwestern and Northeastern universities that seeks to develop new varieties and growing techniques that work well in colder climates.

Key Quotes

• On the distinctive nature of Wisconsin-grown grapes: "It's not Vitis vinifera. It's never going to be Sauvignon Blanc. It's never going to be Pinot Noir. It's something different. ... They're different and people have to learn how to drink these new wines if they want to drink wine made here from Wisconsin."
• On the challenges of making wine with hybrid grapes: "We know that if the pH goes very high when we ferment this juice, what's going to happen is that ... allows for bacteria to grow so the wine is not going to last very long. ...[W]e need to find the middle point in which we have enough sugar to make enough alcohol but the pH doesn't go very high. ... [W]e don't want very high acidity because that is not going to make a very good wine."
• On optimizing grapes for wine production: "We look at the brick, which is the sugar, we look at the pH of the juice and we look at the acidity of the juice. All of these are some of the things that we measure to know how good those grapes are going to be for wine, and how we can manipulate them. Some of the studies that we do [are] like, 'OK, so how can we increase the sugar?' We know that if we have more sugar it's going to produce more alcohol when it ferments. But we also know that these varieties in particular have high acid levels, so can we manipulate that acid level? When is the best time to harvest these grapes?"
• On grafting European grape varieties with American hybrids: "They used the first generation of hybrids — hybrids that were created for the phylloxera — and they started making new crosses with more Vitis vinifera so that they could make a better fruit with better quality, fruit that resemble[d] a little bit more ... the type of wine that they were used to drinking ... than the American species, so they didn't have so much of that very characteristic taste that the American species have."
• On working with grapes in Wisconsin: "For me, coming from Chile, and everybody knows exactly how to grow the grapes there ... it's a great opportunity because I don't think opportunities like this to grow, to work with something so new come very often."
• On the expansion of the wine industry in Wisconsin: "This explosion everywhere in the Midwest is due to all of these varieties that were released by the University of Minnesota and other breeding programs... At Cornell they also... put a lot of effort into breeding programs for new varieties that were actually able to resist the cold winters of the northern parts of the United States. Here in Wisconsin — from the 1970[s] all the way to 2010 — the number of commercial vineyards… have grown exponentially due to all of these new varieties."
• On the number of wineries in Wisconsin: "People are doing very interesting and different things. There's a lot of variety. They taste different, but they're good… Almost in every county in Wisconsin there's a vineyard and there are wineries, so if you have the chance and you want to support the wine and the grape industry in Wisconsin, drink wine from Wisconsin."

How Discoveries And Accidents Led To Winemaking In Wisconsin was originally published on WisContext which produced the article in a partnership between Wisconsin Public Radio, Wisconsin Public Television and Cooperative Extension.